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Chapter Linux Binary Compatibility | FreeBSD Documentation Portal.User Manual
It is available for the i, amd64, and arm64 architectures. Some Linux-specific operating system features are not yet supported; this mostly happens with functionality specific to hardware or related to system management, such as cgroups or namespaces. By default, Linux binary compatibility is not enabled. This is enough for statically linked Linux binaries to work. They can be started in the same way native FreeBSD binaries can; they behave almost exactly like native processes and can be traced and debugged the usual way.
Linux binaries linked dynamically which is the vast majority also require Linux shared libraries to be installed - they can run on top of the FreeBSD kernel, but they cannot use FreeBSD libraries; this is similar to how bit binaries cannot use native bit libraries. FreeBSD provides packages for some Linux binary applications. For example, to install Sublime Text 4, along with all the Linux libraries it depends on, run this command:.
This has the advantage of providing a full Debian or Ubuntu distribution. After debootstrapping, chroot 8 into the newly created directory and install software in a way typical for the Linux distribution inside, for example:. Instead, derive the directory name from the distribution or version name, e. If the bootstrapped instance is intended to provide Linux shared libraries without having to explicitly use chroot or jails, one can point the kernel at it by updating the compat.
Please note that changing it might cause trouble for Linux applications installed from FreeBSD packages; one reason is that many of those applications are still bit, while Ubuntu seems to be deprecating bit library support. The Linux compatibility layer is a work in progress. A list of all Linux-related sysctl 8 knobs can be found in linux 4. Some applications require specific filesystems to be mounted.
Since the Linux binary compatibility layer has gained support for running both and bit Linux binaries on bit x86 hosts , it is no longer possible to link the emulation functionality statically into a custom kernel. For base system subdirectories created with debootstrap 8 , use the instructions above instead.
If a Linux application complains about missing shared libraries after configuring Linux binary compatibility, determine which shared libraries the Linux binary needs and install them manually. From a Linux system using the same CPU architecture, ldd can be used to determine which shared libraries the application needs. For example, to check which shared libraries linuxdoom needs, run this command from a Linux system that has Doom installed:. Once copied, create symbolic links to the names in the first column.
This example will result in the following files on the FreeBSD system:. If a Linux shared library already exists with a matching major revision number to the first column of the ldd output, it does not need to be copied to the file named in the last column, as the existing library should work.
It is advisable to copy the shared library if it is a newer version, though. The old one can be removed, as long as the symbolic link points to the new one. Since the existing library is only one or two versions out of date in the last digit, the program should still work with the slightly older version. However, it is safe to replace the existing libc. Generally, one will need to look for the shared libraries that Linux binaries depend on only the first few times that a Linux program is installed on FreeBSD.
After a while, there will be a sufficient set of Linux shared libraries on the system to be able to run newly installed Linux binaries without any extra work. Should all those methods fail, an attempt to execute the binary might result in error message:. Once installed, root can use this command to install a.
If necessary, brandelf the installed ELF binaries. Note that this will prevent a clean uninstall. This section describes how Linux binary compatibility works and is based on an email written to FreeBSD chat mailing list by Terry Lambert tlambert primenet.
SAA usr FreeBSD has an abstraction called an "execution class loader". This is a wedge into the execve 2 system call. If it was not the binary type for the system, the execve 2 call returned a failure, and the shell attempted to start executing it as shell commands. The assumption was a default of "whatever the current shell is".
FreeBSD has a list of loaders, instead of a single loader, with a fallback to the! For Linux binaries to function, they must be branded as type Linux using brandelf 1 :. When the ELF loader sees the Linux brand, the loader replaces a pointer in the proc structure. All system calls are indexed through this pointer. In addition, the process is flagged for special handling of the trap vector for the signal trampoline code, and several other minor fix-ups that are handled by the Linux kernel module.
The Linux system call vector contains, among other things, a list of sysent[] entries whose addresses reside in the kernel module. When a system call is called by the Linux binary, the trap code dereferences the system call function pointer off the proc structure, and gets the Linux, not the FreeBSD, system call entry points.
Linux mode dynamically reroots lookups. This is, in effect, equivalent to union to file system mounts. This makes sure that binaries that require other binaries can run. The various underlying functions that implement all of the services provided by the kernel are identical to both the FreeBSD system call table entries, and the Linux system call table entries: file system operations, virtual memory operations, signal delivery, and System V IPC.
The FreeBSD glue functions are statically linked into the kernel, and the Linux glue functions can be statically linked, or they can be accessed via a kernel module. Technically, this is not really emulation, it is an ABI implementation. It is sometimes called "Linux emulation" because the implementation was done at a time when there was no other word to describe what was going on. Last modified on : June 17, by Danilo G.
Book menu. Table of Contents Synopsis Configuring Linux Binary Compatibility Advanced Topics. How to install additional Linux shared libraries.
Know how to install additional third-party software. Advanced Topics The Linux compatibility layer is a work in progress. Installing Additional Libraries Manually For base system subdirectories created with debootstrap 8 , use the instructions above instead. Miscellaneous This section describes how Linux binary compatibility works and is based on an email written to FreeBSD chat mailing list by Terry Lambert tlambert primenet.
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